Properties of Titanium Material Grades

2025-04-28

Titanium and its alloys are classified into different material grades (ASTM standards) based on their composition, mechanical properties, and applications. Below is a comparison of key commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) grades (1-4) and titanium alloy grades (5, 23, etc.), highlighting their properties and typical uses.

1. Commercially Pure (CP) Titanium Grades

These grades are unalloyed and vary primarily in oxygen and iron content, affecting strength and ductility.

Grade	Oxygen Content	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Yield Strength (MPa)	Elongation (%)	Key Properties	Applications
Grade 1	0.18% max	240-370	170-300	24+	Most ductile, excellent corrosion resistance	Chemical processing, marine, medical implants (low-stress)
Grade 2	0.25% max	345-480	275-410	20+	Balanced strength & formability (most widely used CP Ti)	Heat exchangers, surgical implants, aerospace components
Grade 3	0.35% max	450-600	380-520	18+	Higher strength than Grades 1 & 2	Pressure vessels, aerospace structures
Grade 4	0.40% max	550-750	480-650	15+	Highest strength among CP Ti grades	Orthopedic implants, surgical hardware, high-stress applications

2. Titanium Alloy Grades

These contain alloying elements (Al, V, Nb, Mo, etc.) for enhanced mechanical properties.

Grade	Alloy Composition	Tensile Strength (MPa)	Yield Strength (MPa)	Elongation (%)	Key Properties	Applications
Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V)	6% Al, 4% V	895-930	825-870	10-15	High strength, fatigue resistance, and biocompatible	Aerospace, medical implants (hip/knee joints), marine
Grade 23 (Ti-6Al-4V ELI)	Extra Low Interstitials (ELI)	860-900	795-825	10-15	Improved ductility & fracture toughness	Medical implants (dental, spinal), biomedical devices
Grade 9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V)	3% Al, 2.5% V	620-820	480-690	15-20	Good weldability, moderate strength	Aircraft tubing, bicycle frames, sports equipment
Grade 12 (Ti-0.3Mo-0.8Ni)	0.3% Mo, 0.8% Ni	540-750	410-590	18+	Excellent corrosion resistance (similar to Pd alloys)	Chemical processing, marine, heat exchangers
Grade 19 (Ti-3Al-8V-6Cr-4Zr-4Mo, Beta-C)	Beta alloy	1000-1200	900-1100	8-12	Very high strength, heat-treatable	Aerospace fasteners, springs, and high-performance parts
Grade 29 (Ti-6Al-4V ELI + 0.1% Ru)	ELI + Ruthenium	860-900	795-825	10-15	Enhanced crevice corrosion resistance	Biomedical implants, offshore oil & gas

Key Takeaways:

CP Grades (1-4) → Higher ductility, lower strength, excellent corrosion resistance.
Alloy Grades (5, 23, etc.) → Higher strength, fatigue resistance, specialized applications.
Medical Preference → Grade 5 (Ti-6Al-4V) and Grade 23 (ELI) dominate due to biocompatibility.
Aerospace & High-Strength Uses → Grade 5, Grade 19 (Beta-C), and Grade 9 (Ti-3Al-2.5V).

Comparison of Titanium properties with other metals

Material	Atomic Number	Atomic Weight	Specific gravity	Melting Point (°C)	Coefficient of Linear expansion (/K)	Specific Heat (KJ/Kg.K)	Thermal Conductivity (w/m.K)	Specific resistivity (µΩ.m)	Electric conductivity (% ratio to copper)	Young's Modulus (GPa)
Titanium	22	47.90	4.51	1668	8.4x10⁻⁶	0.519	17	0.55	3.1	106.3
Ti-6Al-4V Grade-5	-	-	4.43	1650	8.8x10⁻⁶	0.610	7.5	1.71	1.1	110
Iron	26	55.85	7.9	1530	12x10⁻⁶	0.460	63	0.097	18	205.8
SUS 304	-	-	7.9	1400	17x10⁻⁶	0.502	16	0.72	2.4	199.9
Aluminium	13	26.97	2.7	650	23x10⁻⁶	0.879	205	0.027	64	69.1
Aluminium Alloy 7075	-	-	2.8	476 ~ 648	23x10⁻⁶	0.962	121	0.058	30	71.5
Magnesium	12	24.32	1.7	650	25x10⁻⁶	1.004	159	0.043	40	44.8
Nickel	28	58.69	8.9	1453	15x10⁻⁶	0.460	92	0.095	18	205.8
Hastelloy C	-	-	8.9	1305	11.3x10⁻⁶	0.385	13	1.3	1.3	204.4
Copper	29	63.57	8.9	1.083	17x10⁻⁶	0.385	385	0.017	100	108.8

Note: SUS 304 (18-8 Stainless Steel) : Cr (18%) – Ni (8%) – Fe (Remainder)
Aluminium Alloy 7075 : Super-super duralumin (Cu (1.6%) – Mg (2.5%) – Cr(2.3%) – Zn(5.6%) – Al (Remainder), subjected to Solution heat treatment and aging.
Hastelloy C : 54Ni-17Mo-15Cr-5Fe-3W

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